Soil is a highly complex and dynamic system that changes across space and time. It is made up of minerals (mainly silica with trace metals), organic matter with many compounds, diverse organisms, and water. Its texture depends on the mix of sand, silt, and clay, while moisture ranges from dry zones to water-filled micropores except in severe drought. Organic matter usually decreases with depth and varies by location. This heterogeneity creates numerous ecological niches, supporting remarkable biodiversity.